Students of ICSE Class 10 should refer to The Supreme Court ICSE Class 10 Questions and answers below which have come in past board exams. You should always go through questions which have come in previous years so that you can understand the pattern of questions in ICSE Class 10 History and prepare accordingly. This will help you to get better marks in ICSE Class 10 Board Exams
ICSE Class 10 The Supreme Court Questions and Answers
Please refer to solved questions for chapter The Supreme Court provided below. These questions and answers are expected to come in the examinations. Students should learn these so that they are able to answer the questions properly in exams and get good marks. Refer to Important Questions for ICSE Class 10 History and Civics for all chapters on our website.
The Supreme Court Questions and Answers
Short Answer Type Questions
(1) Why is it essential to keep judiciary independent of Legislature and Executive?
Ans. (i) In a representative democracy, administration of justice assumes special significance in view of the rights of individual, which needs protection against excutive or legislative interference. This proctection is given by making the judiciary independent of the other two organs of the government. (ii) An independent and supreme judiciary is also an essential requirement of a federal governance. In a federal set-up, there is a constituional division of powers between the executive, legislative and judiciary.
(2) What is the provision for appointment of Adhoc Judges in the court ?
Ans. (i) The Chief Justice may appoint a Judge of a High Court as an ad hoc Judge of the Supreme Court for a period as may be necessary. Such appoinments are made with the consent of the President and after consultaion with the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned.
(ii) The Chief Justice may at any time, with previous consent of the President request attendance of retired Judges of Supreme Court or High Courts to act as Judge of the Supreme Court.
(3) State the service conditions of Supreme Court judges with respect to term of office and removal?
Ans. (i) A Judge of the Supreme Court (including the Chief Justice) remains in office until he attains the age of sixty-five years.
(ii) He may also be removed from his office by the President through impeachment on the ground of “proved misbehavior or incapacity”.
(iii) This is done only when an address is passed in each House of the Parliament, supported by a required majority of the total strength of House. It is then presented to the President. This procedure is called as impeachment of a Judge.
(4) What is the Quorum required for a Constitutional Bench?
Ans. A Constitutional bench of five judges is required to determine the constitutional validity of laws of the Centre or the States. When the Supreme Court sits to decide about a Constitutional case, it is decided mandatorily by the required quorum.
(5) Under which jurisdiction Supreme Court decides the inter state and center state disputes?
Ans. Under Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court has the authority to hear and determine a case in the first instance directly, which extends to the following cases :
(a) A dispute between State/s and Union.
(b) Disputes between the Union and any States on the one side and other States on the other.
(c) A dispute between the States.
(6) Mention any two types of cases in which the Supreme court has exclusive jurisdiction.
Ans. (a) The Supreme Court has been given the exclusive jurisdiction to determine the constitutional validity of the Union laws.
(b) The Supreme Court also has the exclusive jurisdiction to inquire into and decide all doubts and disputes in connection with the election of the President and Vice-President of India.
(7) What is meant by original jurisdiction ? Mention two types of cases under Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction.
Ans. Original jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance; i.e., those cases which cannot be moved in any court other than the Supreme Court.
1. Centre-State or inter-States Disputes: The Supreme Court has been given exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute –
(i) between Government of India and one or more States; or
(ii) between Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other; or
(iii) between two or more States.
2. Interpretation of the constitution
(8) Which cases cannot be moved to Supreme Court under Appellate Jurisdiction?
Ans. Supreme Court is the highest court of Appeal, but it shall not consider any appeal against the cases decided by Court Martial. Cases pertaining to military cannot be moved to Supreme Court.
(9) There is a constitutional provision to provide security of salary to a Supreme Court judge. Explain.
Ans. (i) Judges’ salaries, allowances, etc., shall not be changed to their disadvantage during their term of office. The salaries of the Judges cannot be reduced except during periods of finanical emergency. Their salaries and allowances are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and so are not subject to vote of Parliament.
(10) State the instances of criminal cases where in a certificate from the High Court is not required.
Ans. The certificate of the High Court is not required in a case:
(i) Where the High Court has reversed the judgement of acquittal given by the Lower Court and punished the accused with a death sentence;
(ii) a case which is withdrawn by the High Court from a Subordinate Court and sentenced the accused to death.
11) Describe Appellate Jursdication of Supreme Court.
Ans. Appellate Jurdisdiction means the powers to grant special leave to appeal against the judgement delivered by any court in the country. It is a Court of appeal which means that it is a Supreme Court which may change the decision or reduce the sentence passed by the lower courts. The Supreme Court is the final Court of Appeal. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a High Court in India.
(12) Which matters are referred to the Sureme Court under Advisory jurisdiction? The President refers the following matters to the Supreme Court for advice
Ans. (i) Any question of law of public importance
(ii) Disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties and agreement which are excluded from original jurisdiction.
(13) What do you understand by Revisory Jurisdiction?
Ans. The Supreme Court under Article 137 is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order. This is because the Supreme Court is a court of record and its decisions are of evidentiary value and cannot be questioned in any court.
(14) Explain the term ‘Judicial Review’ of Supreme Court?
Ans. The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the constitution and its decision is final. It has the power to review laws passed by the Union or State legislatures. The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘ultra vires’ or null and void, if it is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution or contravenes any provision of the constitution. This power is referred to as the power of judicial review.
(15) Why is the Supreme Court regarded as final interpreter of the constitution?
Ans. Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine laws passed by the legislatures and the executive orders of the Centre and State governments whether these are in accordance with the Constitution or not. The final say as to what the Constitution means rests with the Supreme Court. That is why it is known as the “Guardian and the final interpreter of the Constitution.”
(16) Which Acts of Parliament were pronounced as null and void by Supreme Court under Judicial Review?
Ans. In 1970, the Supreme Court had declared the following Acts of Parliament as null and void, under its power of Judicial Review
(i) Presidential order concerning derecognisation of the former princes. (ii) Banking Companies Act, 1969, for the nationalisation of 14 banks. Similarly, in August 1999, the Supreme Court held that ‘merit’ should be the sole criterion for admissions to post-graduate and other higher courses in medicine and engineering.
(17) What is need of Judicial Review in a federal democratic system?
Ans. (i) In a written Constitution a law may be ambiguously worked. The question of interpretation of the Consitution is bound to arise and the Supreme court only has the power of original jurdisdiction.
(ii) The legislature may not possess the wisdom, experience and impartiality which are needed to explain what the law means.
(18) What does the term Court of Record imply?
Ans. The judgements of the Supreme Court are recorded for evidence / testimony. These are used as precedents. i.e. the High Court and other courts are bound to give similar decision in a similar case.
(19) What is jurisdiction ?
Ans. Jurisdiction is the legal frame work within which the court functions to impart justice and protect law is specified by the Constitution. By the virtue of this, the court has the power to carry out judgements and enforce laws.
(20) What is the total number of judges in the Supreme Court ? Who determines the strength of the Supreme Court ?
Ans. There is one Chief Justice and 30 other judges and in the Supreme Court. The strength of the Supreme Court is decided by the Parliament.
(21) Can adhoc or retired judges be called to serve on the Supreme Court ? If so, give any one reason for doing so.
Ans. Yes, adhoc or retired judges can be called to serve on the Supreme Court when the quorum is not complete for holding the session of the Supreme Court.
(22) Who appoints the judges of the Supreme Court? What qualifications should they possess?
Ans. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice. The Judge:
(a) has been a judge of one or more High Courts for atleast five consecutive years or
(b) has been an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten consecutive years,
(c) should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
(23) What is the term of office of a Supreme Court Judge ? Mention the grounds on which a judge of the Supreme Court can be removed.
Ans. A judge remains in the office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. A judge may be removed from his office by the President on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
(24) What is meant by impeachment of a Judge ? Mention its procedure. OR Explain briefly the procedure laid down for the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court.
Ans. A Judge may be removed from his office on ground for “proved misbehavior or incapacity” by impeaching him/her. Procedure : The above can be done when a resolution is passed in each House of Parliament, supported by a simple majority of the total strength of a House, and by a two-thirds majority of those present, and voting in both Houses.
(25) Where is the seat of Supreme Court? Can it sit at any other place as well?
Ans. New Delhi, the capital of India, is the seat of the Supreme Court. It may sit at any other place, with the prior approval of the President.
(26) Under what circumstances can the salaries of the Supreme Court Judges be reduced ?
Ans. The salary of the Supreme Court judges can be reduced only during the operation of Financial Emergency in the country under Article – 360 of the Constitution.
(27) State the exceptions in the exercise of Original jurisidiction of Supreme Court.
Ans. Exceptions in the exercise of Original jurisidction of Supreme Court are:
(i) A dispute arising out of a treaty, agreement, etc. which is in operation.
(ii) In certain other matters such as interstate water disputes, matters referred to the Finance-Commission and,
(iii) Adjustment of certain expenses and pensions between the Union and the States.
(28) By whom is the dispute / case relating to election of the President or Vice-President of India heard and declared ?
Ans. The dispute / case relating to election of the President or Vice-President is heard by the Supreme Court which has the original jurisdiction in the matter.
(29) What are the circumstances under which the Supreme Court can hear an appeal, as a matter of right of the convicted person ? OR In which Criminal cases the convict need not seek a certificate from the High Court ?
Ans. The appeal lies to the Supreme Court as a matter of right in two types of cases of death sentence. For example :
(i) Where a Lower Court acquits an accused, and the High Court reverses this order and sentences the accused to death.
(ii) Where the High Court withdraws a case under trial in a Subordinate Court and sentences the accused to death.
(30) On what basis an appeal to the Supreme Court can be taken in civil cases?
Ans. An appeal can be taken to the Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance, and that in the opinion of the High Court, the said question need to be decided by the Supreme Court.
(31) Under what circumstances does the Supreme Court grant a special leave for Appeal ?
Ans. The Supreme Court grants a special leave for Appeal when :
(i) In civil cases, where there is a question of law or general public interest involved in the case.
(ii) In criminal cases, when it is shown that exceptional and special circumstamces exist and grave injustice has been done.
(iii) The Supreme Court could quash the decision of a tribunal when the tribunal has exceede its jursdiction or adopted a procedure which runs against the established rules of natural justice.
(32) Can the Supreme Court refuse to give its advice ?
Ans. The Supreme Court is not bound to give its advice when a reference is made to it by the President. It can decline to give its opinion. (example- The controversial Ram Mandir – Babri Masjid case)
(33) Name the Writs that the Supreme Court can issue to protect the Fundamental Rights?
Ans. The Supreme Court can issue following Writs :
(i) Writ of Habeas Corpus
(ii) Writ of Mandamus
(iii) Writ of Prohibition
(iv) Writ of Quo-Warranto
(v) Writ of Certiorari
(34) Mention constitutional provision for judges that ensure the independence of the courts.
Ans. (i) No Discussion in the Legislature on the Conduct of Judges: No discussion can take place in the Parliament regarding the conduct of any judges or about the discharge of his duties except when there is a motion for his removal.
(ii) Prohibition of Practice after Retirement: The Judges are paid handsome pensions buth they are not allowed to practice after their retirement. This has been done so that the Judges are not obliged, during their tenure as Judges, to any prospective employer. Moreover, if they are allowed to practise they might influence their former colleagues in the judiciary.
(35) What happens if either the Parliament or a State Legislature passes any law that is against the Constitution ?
Ans. The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘Ultra Vires’ or null and void, if it is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has the power to review all National and State laws and executive orders and declare them null and void, if they go against the provisions of the Constitution. This means that any law which infringes or contradicts the fundamentals of the Constitution can be rendered effectless.
(36) “The Supreme Court of India also is the guardian of the Constitution.” Justify.
Ans. (i) When any of the Fundamental Rights of any citizen is violated by the government or any individual he/she can seek the protection of the Supreme Court. Right to Constitutional Remedies also provides the citizens, power to go to the Supreme Court in case of denial of any of the Fundamental Rights.
(ii) If the Union or State Legislature passes a law, which violates the basic framework of the Constitution, then the Supreme Court can declare that law null and void.
(37) State the difference between the writ of ‘Certiorari’ and ‘Prohibition’.
Ans. The writ of Prohibition and writ of Certiorari aim at restraining the inferior courts from exceeding their jurisdiction. The writ of Prohibition is preventive as it is issued when the inferior court is hearing the matter over which it has no jurisdiction. The writ of Certiorari is remedial as it is issued after the court hears the case and gives decision.
(38) State the administrative funciton of the Supreme Court.
Ans. (i) Appointment of officers and other employees in the Supreme Court is made by the Chief Justice.
(ii) Making rules of conduct of the advocates and the fees to be charged in the proceedings in the Supreme Court.
(iii) Making rules for the recommendation of the transfer of Judges from one High Court to the other.
(39) Which provisions dispel external influence over the independence of Judiciary?
Ans. (i) Freedom to Announce Decisions and Decrees : The Judges are free to announce their decisions and decrees in the court chambers without any danger to their person, property or fame. Their decisions cannot be criticised in public or by the press. It is the duty of the State to ensure their personal safety at all costs.
(ii) Punishment for Contempt of Court : The Supreme Court can punish for the contempt of court if a person or authority makes an attempt to lower its authority.
(iii) Full Control Over its Procedure of Work and Establishment : The Supreme Court is free to decide its own procedures of work and its establishment as well as the conditions of service of its employees. Thus, it is free from influence of any outside agency.
(40) Explain the Contempt of Court.
Ans. Disrespect for the dignity or authority of a Court, including acts such as these-bad behaviour in Court, refusing to answer a question as witness, interfering in the business of the Court, speaking disrespectfully to the Judge or refusing to carry out a Court Order.
Structured Questions
(1) Referring to the composition and organization of the Supreme Court, explain the following :
(a) Manner of the appointment of Judges/Chief Justice.
(b) Qualification for appointment of Judges.
(c) Term of the of the office and removal
Ans. (a) Every judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice India and such other Judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts as he may deem necessary from this purpose besides the Council of Ministers. The senior most judges of the Supreme Court is appointed as the CJI by the president.
(b) A judge of the Supreme Court must be a citizen of India, and have the following other qualifications:
(i) has been a Judge of one or more High Courts for five consecutive years, or
(ii) an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten consecutive years,
(iii) a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President.
(c) A judge of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice, remains in office until he attains the age of sixty-five years. The procedure for impeachment or removal of Judges is as under :
(i) The resolution to impeach the Judge may be moved in either House of the Parliament after a notice of 14 days has been given. A list of charges must be supported by one-fourth of the total members of the House.
(ii) Such a resolution must be passed by a 2/3rd of the total majority of the members of that House.
(iii) Then the charges leveled against the Judge are investigated by the other House. The Judge can appear in person or through a counsel to defend himself.
(iv) If the charges are approved by 2/3rd of the total majority, the impeachment is finalised and the Judge is removed from the day the impeachment resolution is passed.
(2) Elucidate the role of Supreme Court as follows :
(a) Guardian of the Constitution
(b) Protector of Fundamental Rights
(c) Writs issued by the Court for the protections of rights
Ans. (a) Guardian of the Constitution :
(i) The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the Constitution and its decision is final. All cases where interpretation of the Constitution is required can be directly filed in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has the power of exclusive jurisdiction in regard to questions as to Constitutional validity of central laws.
(ii) It has the power to review laws passed by the Union or State legislatures. The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘ultra vires’ or null and avoid, if it is against the letter and spirit of the Constitution or contravenes any provision of the Constitution. This power is referred to as the power of judicial review.
(iii) The Supreme Court has the power to review all National and State laws and executive orders and declare them null and void, if they go against the provisions of the Constitution.
(b) Protector of Fundamental Rights :
(i) Fundamental rights of an individual needs to be protected against executive or legislative interference.
(ii) The original jurisdiction extends to cases of violation of the Fundamental Rights of individuals and the court can issue several Writs for the enforcement of these rights. Any individual can approach the Supreme Court in case of violation of a fundamental right.
(iii) The Constitution prohibits the State from making any law which takes away or abridges the Fundamental Rights. If it does so, the law shall be declared null and void by the Supreme Court.
(c) The Constitution empowers the Supreme Court and High Courts to issue the following writs or orders.
(i) Writ of Habeas Corpus : Habeas Corpus (Latin : means that to have the body) is a writ through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of himself or another person.
(ii) Writ of Mandamus : ‘Mandamus’ means “we command”. Mandamus is a judicial remedy which is in the form of an order from a superior court to any government servant or subordinate court to fulfill statutory duties.
(iii) Writ of Prohibition : The writ of Prohibition is issued to prevent an inferior court from exercising powers, with which it is not legally vested, and to direct it to remain within the limits of its jurisdiction.
(iv) Writ of Certiorari : The writ of Certiorari means “to be informed of what is going on”. It is a remedy issued by the Supreme Court to the inferior court after the verdict is passed.
(v) Writ of Quo-warranto : The Writ of Quo-warranto is issued against a person who has held an office illegally. If the court declares that the office is held unlawfully, it can declare the office vacant and direct the usurper to quit.
(3) With reference to the powers and functions of the Supreme Court discuss the Original Jurisdiction as under :
(a) Centre-State or inter-States Disputes
(b) Protection of Fundamental Rights
(c) Transfer of cases from Lower Courts
(d) Interpretation of Constitution
Ans. (a) Centre-State or inter-States Disputes : The Supreme Court has been given exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute-
(i) between Government of India and one or more States; or
(ii) between Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other; or
(iii) between two or more States.
(b) Protection of Fundamental Rights : The original jurisdiction extends to cases of violation of the Fundamental Rights of individuals and the court and issue several Writs for the enforcement of these rights. Any individual can approach the Supreme Court in case of violation of a fundamental right.
(c) Transfer of Cases from Lower Courts : Under Article 139 A, inserted by the 44th Amendment in 1978, the Supreme Court may transfer to itself cases from one or more High Courts, if these invlove questions of law or cases are of great importance. The Supreme Court may transfer cases from one High Court to another in the interest of Justice.
(d) Interpretation of Constitution : All cases where interpretation of the Constitution is required can be directly filed in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has the power of exclusive jurisdiction in regard to questions as to Constitutional validity of central laws.
(4) Explain the Appellate Jurisdiction of Supreme Court with regards to
(a) Constitutional cases
(b) Civil cases
(c) Criminal cases
Ans: Supreme Court may change the decision ot reduce the sentence passes by the lower courts. The Supreme Court is the final Court of Appeal. An appeal lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a High Court in India. The appellate jurisdiction extends to Constitutional, civil and criminal cases.
(a) Constitutional cases : All matters irrespective of the nature, where a certificate is issued by a High Court that it involves an important point of law and needs interpretation of the Constitution, can be brought before the Supreme Court. If the High Court refuses to give a certificate on such a case the Supreme Court can grant special leave of appeal.
(b) Civil cases : Appeals in civil matters lie to the Supreme Court, if the High Court certifies:
(i) that the case involes a substantial question of law of general importance, and
(ii) that the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court. However, if the High Court refuses to give a certificate, the Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal in suitable cases.
(c) Criminal cases : Two types of appeals in criminal cases lie in the Supreme Court:
(i) Cases without the certificate of the High Court.
(ii) Cases with the certificate of the High Court. The certificate of the High Court is not required in a case:
(i) where the High Court has reversed the judgement of acquittal given by the Lower Court and punished the accused with a death sentence.
(ii) a case which is withdrawn by the High Court from a Subordinate Court and sentened the accused to death. In all other criminal cases, a High Court certification that the case involves a substantial point of law and interpretation of the Constitution is required for appealing to the Supreme Court.
(5) With reference to the Supreme Court as a guardian to the Constitution, discuss the five types of writs it can issue. How can these writs protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizen ? Ans. The Supreme Court can issue five types of writs namely :
(a) Writ of Habeas Corpus
(b) Writ of Mandamus
(c) Writ of Prohibition
(d) Writ of Certiorari
(e) Writ of Quo-Warranto.
(a) Writ of Habeas Corpus : Habeas Corpus provides a remedy to a person held unlawfully in prison or in police custody. This is an order to a person or officer who detains a person, without court’s order, directing him to produce the detainee in the court and to explain why he has been detained. If the cause is insufficient, the detained person is released immediately.
(b) Writ of Mandamus : Mandamus means “we command”. This writ is issued to command an inferior court or a government servant to do their statutory duty. This writ can be issued purely for the protection of fundamental rights.
(c) Writ of Prohibition : The Writ of Prohibition is issued to prevent an inferior court from exercising powers, with which it is not legally vested, and to direct it to remain within the limits of its jurisdiction. It is preventive in nature.
(d) Writ of Certiorari : The writ of Certiorari can demand from the lower court to hand over the record of a particular case to a High Court after a decision or judgment in a lower court is made. The nature of the writ of Certiorari is remedial.
(e) Writ of Quo-Warranto : The writ of Quo-warranto is issued against a person who has held an office illegally by usurption. This writ asks such a person to explain as to by what authority he held that particular office. If the court finds that the office is held unlawfully, it can declare the office vacant and direct the usurper to quit.
(6) The Supreme Court is the guardian and final interpreter of the Constitution. In this context, explain the following :
(a) Judicial Review.
(b) Role of Judiciary in India’s Parliamentary system.
(c) The Supreme Court as a court of Record.
Ans. (a) Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to examine laws passed by the independent and the executive orders of the Centre and State governments in order to find whether these are in accordance with the Constitution or not. This is called Judicial Review. If an order or a law is found to be contrary to the Constitution, the Supreme Court declares it null and void.
(b) India is a federal state which means the Centre and the State both have their powers. The Supreme Court acts as a guardian of the Constitution. The Supreme Court keeps an eye on the working and powers of both the State and the Centre. The Supreme Court has the power to settle disputes between the State and the Centre and between two states. The Constitution of India has also given powers to the Supreme Court for the protection of Fundamental Rights. If the government passes any law or issues any order which is unconstitutional, the Supreme Court can declare the law as ‘Ultra vires’.
(c) Court of Record is a court whose judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony. The judgements are in the nature of precedents’, i.e., the High Courts and other Courts are bound to give a similar decision in a similar case. They are not to be questioned when they are produced before any subordinate court. According to Article 129 of the Constitution the Supreme Court shall be a “Court of Record” and shall have all the powers of such a court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. The Court of Record has two implications :
(i) Its judgements and orders are preserved as record. These can be produced in any court as precedents.
(ii) If a person commits a contempt of court, the court has the authority to punish him. No authority can deprive the court of this right.
(7) The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial tribunal of our country. In this context, explain :
(a) Meaning of independence of Judiciary.
(b) Manner in which the Constitution seeks to maintain the independence of judiciary.
Ans. (a) By independence of judiciary, we mean its independence from the control of the Executive and Legislature. This also means a fair, impartial, fearless and an honest judiciary.
(b) The independence of judiciary (Supreme Court) has been ensured in our country in the following ways :
1. The judges are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice and such other judges he may deem necessary. This ensures their independence.
2. The removal of a judge, which is done through impeachment, has been made very difficult. Impeachment is done by the Parliament on the basis of “proved misbehaviour or incapacity”. This requires simple majority of the total strength of both the Houses of the Parliament, and a 2/3rd majority of those present and voting in both Houses to pass a resolution of impeachment.
3. The judges are paid high salaries. Their salaries, allowances and other perks etc. are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India. As such these are not voted upon by the Parliament. Moreover, their salaries etc. cannot be changed to their disadvantages during their tenure except in financial emergency.
4. The judgement of the Supreme Court in any case cannot ordinarily be the subject of debate or discussion in the Parliament or in the public.
5. A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court is not allowed to practise law after his/her retirement.
6. The age of retirement of the Chief Justice and other judges is kept higher than the age of retirement of other government employees. The judge should not be appointed to any position of authority after retirement.
